NN 09/2025

  NAAMSKENDING

Naamskending word gedefinieer as die publikasie van ʼn onwaar stelling oor ʼn persoon wat die potensiaal het om sy/haar reputasie te skaad of wat veroorsaak dat ander persone hom/haar vermy. Naamskending vind gewoonlik plaas deur die gebruik van woorde, maar prente, gebare en ander dade kan ook lasterlik wees.

 

Die redelike persoon-toets word deur ons howe toegepas om te bepaal of ʼn verklaring lasterlik is al dan nie. Indien ‘n redelike, objektiewe persoon wat die woorde hoor of lees, minder van die slagoffer sou dink as gevolg daarvan, sou dit as naamskending beskou kon word.

 

Wat is die elemente van naamskending?

Die drie hoofelemente van naamskending is onregmatigheid, bedoeling en publikasie.

 

Wat beteken "onregmatigheid" in hierdie konteks?

Die stelling wat gemaak word, moet teen die gemeenskapsedes wees. Dit beteken eenvoudig dat die breër publiek die stelling as onregmatig en onaanvaarbaar moet beskou.

 

Dit is egter moeilik om te definieer aangesien die publiek se siening en interpretasie van sekere stellings kan verskil op grond van persoonlike sienings en oortuigings.

 

'n Duidelike voorbeeld van 'n onregmatige stelling is om iemand op sosiale media daarvan te beskuldig dat hy 'n misdaad gepleeg het of ʼn rassis is terwyl die persoon weet dat die stelling vals is.

 

Wat beteken “bedoeling” in hierdie konteks?

Die hof het in die verlede bevind dat sodra daar bewys is dat 'n verklaring gepubliseer is, daar ‘n aanname is dat dit opsetlik en onwettig was en dat die bewyslas dan op die publiseerder geplaas word om die teendeel te bewys.

Daar is drie verdere aspekte wat onder "bedoeling" oorweeg moet word. Die eerste is dat die persoon wat die valse verklaring publiseer, dit moet doen met die doel om 'n persoon se reputasie te beskadig;

Tweedens moes die persoon wat die valse verklaring gepubliseer het, redelikerwys geweet het dat dit onregmatig en onwettig is en dat dit die reputasie van die slagoffer van die naamskending skade kan berokken;

Derdens moet die valse verklaring direk of indirek na die slagoffer verwys. Met ander woorde, dit moet moontlik wees om die slagoffer te identifiseer op grond van die inhoud van die verklaring.

 

Wat beteken "publiseer" in hierdie konteks?

Die valse verklaring moet gepubliseer word. Publikasie word geïnterpreteer om nie net skriftelik te beteken nie, maar ook om 'n stelling in te sluit wat mondelings of selfs deur lyftaal of handgebare gemaak word .

 

Skending van reputasie en karakter is slegs ʼn skending van regte as die valse verklaring aan 'n derde persoon gekommunikeer word (deur een persoon aan 'n ander wat nie die slagoffer van die naamskending is nie). Publikasie sluit in die stuur van 'n WhatsApp-boodskap, ‘n Facebook-inskrywing, Twitter of Snapchat, die plasing van ʼn foto op Instagram of die oplaai van ʼn video na TikTok sowel as tradisionele vorme van publikasie, soos 'n koerant of tydskrif.

 

Wat behels die reg op vryheid van spraak?

Elkeen in Suid-Afrika het die reg op vryheid van uitdrukking in terme van Artikel 16 van die Grondwet. Hierdie reg kan en sal egter beperk word waar nodig. Jou reg op vryheid van uitdrukking kan nie iemand anders se reg op 'n onbesmette reputasie troef nie. Daarom is naamskending sake dikwels ingewikkeld. Die hof moet die uitgewer se reg op vryheid van spraak opweeg teenoor die reg van die slagoffer se goeie naam om nie geskend te word nie, ten einde tot ʼn bevinding te kom wat billik en redelik vir beide betrokke partye is.

 

Wat is die algemene verwere teen naamskending?

Waarheid en openbare belang:

Die publikasie kan geregverdig word as daar bevind word dat dit waar is en dat daar ware openbare belang in die gepubliseerde verklaring is.

Billike kommentaar:

Elke burger van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika het die reg op vryheid van uitdrukking en sodoende ook die reg om hul mening uit te spreek. Die mening wat uitgespreek word, moet feitelik wees, sowel as in belang van die breë publiek, om sodoende beskerm te kan word.

Privilegie:

As die aard van die verhouding tussen die persoon wat die mening uitspreek en die persoon aan wie die mening uitgespreek word, aan die situasie privilegie verleen, sal die uitdrukking vervolgens beskerm word. In hierdie omstandighede hoef die stelling nie waar en akkuraat te wees nie, aangesien die uitdrukking deur privilegie beskerm word. Die mees algemene voorbeeld hiervan is die van prokureur-kliënt-privilegie.

 

Watter remedies is beskikbaar vir die slagoffer van naamskending?

'n Persoon wat die slagoffer van naamskending is kan verdere skending van sy regte voorkom deur die hof te nader vir 'n interdik of om ʼn eis vir skadevergoeding in te stel.

Die hof kan beveel dat die publikasie teruggetrek word en 'n verskoning uitgereik word.

Die slagoffer van naamskending kan ook vergoeding ontvang in die vorm van spesiale skadevergoeding in die vorm van vermoënskade indien werklike finansiële skade bewys kan word en toegeskryf kan word aan die naamskending.

Die hof sal ʼn wye diskresie uitoefen om skadevergoeding te bepaal. Die hof pas 'n objektiewe toets toe en dit sal al die faktore en sienings van die samelewing in ag neem.



Wat gebeur in die geval van naamskending in die aanlynruimte?

Die uitdaging om aanlyn naamskending te hanteer, is dat die internet nie ʼn maklik identifiseerbare liggaam is wat binne die grense van streng internasionaal erkende maatstaf of grense geadministreer of gereguleer word nie. Baie slagoffers van aanlyn naamskending vind dit moeilik om die oortreder te identifiseer of selfs op te spoor. Ten einde enige regstappe teen ʼn oortreder in te stel, moet die identiteit van die oortreder bekend wees.

Ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse reg kan enigiemand wat aan die publikasie van lasterlike materiaal deelneem in teorie gesamentlik en afsonderlik aanspreeklik gehou word. Sosiale media is ʼn openbare platform en elke persoon wat hierdie platform gebruik, word in wese ʼn uitgewer in eie reg.

 

In ons reg is die persoon wat inhoud deel net so aanspreeklik as die oorspronklike skepper van die inhoud. Elke persoon wat van die inhoud op sosiale media hou, deel of herplaas, sal presies dieselfde behandel word as die persoon wat die inhoud geskep en die eerste keer geplaas het. Sodra jy inhoud deel, daarvan hou of her-plaas, assosieer jy jouself met daardie inhoud.

 

Dieselfde beginsel geld vir “tagging”. As iemand jou in inhoud “tag”, lyk dit of jy deel is van die gesprek en geassosieer word met die inhoud. Dit is dus noodsaaklik om versigtig te wees met betrekking tot die publikasieketting. Verder is dit van die uiterste belang om jouself van so 'n “tag” te verwyder as die gevaar of potensiaal van naamskending bestaan.

Suid-Afrikaanse howe hanteer die gebied van aanlyn naamskending van geval tot geval met die gemenereg en die Grondwet wat die basis bied vir sulke sake om aangehoor te word. Die Penny Sparrow-saak illustreer dat enige neerhalende plasing wat as haatspraak geklassifiseer word en 'n persoon se grondwetlike regte skend, in die Gelykheidshof of selfs die Strafhof kan beland waar ʼn mens op 'n aanklag van crimen injuria tereg kan staan.

 

Gevolgtrekking

Die wette rondom naamskending is moeilik en ingewikkeld om te verstaan. Die beste benadering is om jouself altyd te vra of die plasing/publikasie wat jy gaan maak as aanstootlik beskou kan word en of dit iemand anders se reputasie skade kan berokken. Die gevolge van so 'n neerhalende berig kan ernstig en vêrreikend wees en behoort dus enige persoon te ontmoedig om vals stellings te plaas/publiseer.

 

Indien jy twyfel of vrae het oor die onderwerp, moet asseblief nie huiwer om jou provinsiale SAOU-kantoor of die SAOU Regsafdeling te kontak nie.

 

2025/03/04

  DEFAMATION

Defamation is defined as the publication of an untrue statement about a person that tends to damage his/her reputation or which causes members of the community to avoid him/her. Defamation usually occurs through the use of words, but pictures, gestures and other acts can also be defamatory.

 

The reasonable person test is applied by our courts to determine whether a statement is defamatory. If a reasonable, objective person hearing or reading the words would think any less of you as a result thereof, then it can be considered defamation.

 

What are the elements of defamation?

The three main elements of defamation are wrongfulness, intention and publication.

 

What does “wrongfulness” mean in this context?

The statement made must be against public morals. This simply means that the broader public must see the statement as wrongful and unacceptable.

 

This, however, is quite difficult to define as the public’s view and interpretation of certain statements may differ based on personal views and beliefs.

 

A clear example of a wrongful statement would be accusing someone on social media of committing a crime or of being a racist while knowing the statement to be false.

 

What does “intention” mean in this context?

The court has found in the past that once a statement has been proven to have been published, the assumption is that it was both intentional and unlawful, placing the burden to prove the opposite on the person publishing same.

There are three further aspects that needs to be considered under “intention”. The first being that the person publishing the false statement must do so with the intent of damaging a person’s reputation;

Secondly, the person who published the false statement should have reasonably known that it is wrongful and unlawful and that they could cause damage to the reputation of the victim;

Thirdly, the false statement must refer to the person directly or indirectly. In other words, it should be possible to identify the victim by virtue of the contents of the statement.

 

What does “publishing” mean in this context?

The false statement needs to be published. Publication is interpreted to not only mean in writing, but to also include a statement made verbally or even by using body language or hand gestures.

 

Defamation of character is only a violation of rights if the false statement is communicated to a third person (by one person to another who is not the victim of the defamation). Publication includes sending a WhatsApp, posting on Facebook, Twitter or Snapchat, posting a picture on Instagram or uploading a video to TikTok as well as traditional forms of publication, such as a newspaper or magazine.

 

What does the right to free speech entail?

Everyone in South Africa has the right to freedom of expression in terms of Section 16 of the Constitution. However, this right can and will be limited where necessary. Your right to freedom of expression cannot trump someone else’s right to an untainted reputation. This is why defamation of character cases are always complicated. The court has to weigh the publisher’s right to freedom of speech against the right of the victim not be defamed, in order to arrive at an outcome that is fair and reasonable for both parties involved.

 

What are the common defences against defamation?

Truth and public interest:

The publication may be justified if it is found to be true and that there is true public interest in the statement published.

Fair comment:

Each citizen of the Republic of South Africa has the right to freedom of expression and by extension the right to express their opinion. The opinion expressed must be factual, as well as in the interest of the public at large, for the expressed opinion to be protected.

Privilege:

If the nature of the relationship between the person expressing the opinion and the person to whom the opinion is expressed lends privilege to the situation, the expression will subsequently be protected. In these circumstances the statement does not have to prove to be true and accurate as the expression is protected by privilege. The most common example herein is that of attorney-client privilege.

 

Which remedies are available to the defamed person?

A defamed person can prevent defamation by approaching the court for an interdict or instituting a claim of compensation for damage.

The court may order that the publication be retracted and an apology issued.

A defamed person may also be awarded compensation for special damages in the form of patrimonial loss if financial loss can be proved and linked to the defamatory statement.

The court will exercise a wide discretion in determining compensation for damages. The court applies an objective test and it will have regard to all the factors and views of society.

 

What about defamation in the online space?

The challenge of dealing with online defamation is that the internet is not an easily identifiable body which is administered or regulated within the confines of strict internationally recognised parameters or boundaries. Many victims of online defamation find it difficult to identify or even trace the perpetrator. In order to pursue any legal action against a wrongdoer, the identity of the wrongdoer needs to be known.

 

In terms of South African law, anyone who participates in the publication of defamatory material can in theory be found jointly and severally liable. Social media is a public platform and each person using this platform essentially becomes a publisher in his/her own right.

 

In our law, the person who shares content is as liable as the original creator of the content. Every person who likes, shares or reposts content on social media will be treated exactly the same as the person who created and first posted the content. Once you share, like or repost content, you are associating yourself with that content.

 

The same principal applies to tagging. If someone tags you in content, it looks like you are a part of the conversation and again, associated with the content. It is therefore vital to be careful regarding the chain of publication. Furthermore, it is of the utmost importance to remove yourself from such a tag if the danger of defamation exists.

 

South African courts have dealt with the area of online defamation on a case-by-case basis with the common law and the Constitution providing the basis for such cases to be heard. The Penny Sparrow case, illustrates that any defamatory post that is classified as hate speech and violates a person’s constitutional rights, could end up in the Equality Court or even the Criminal Court where one could face a charge of crimen injuria.

 

Conclusion

The laws surrounding defamation can be quite tricky and intricate. The best approach is to always ask yourself whether the post/publication you are about to make may be construed as offensive and whether it could cause harm to someone else’s reputation. The consequences of such a defamatory post may be serious and far reaching and should therefore discourage any person from posting/publishing such false statements.

 

If you have doubts or questions on the matter, please do not hesitate to contact your provincial SAOU office or SAOU Legal Department.

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